There are several policy approaches to authentication, in principle, which tend to vary from one jurisdiction to another according to political philosophy.

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There are three different types of electronic signature legislation worldwide, offering different degrees of legal certainty with respect to security technology, and fundamental trade-offs with respect to freedom of choice.

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The OASIS IDtrust Member Section was formed in 2006, partly on top of the erstwhile PKI Forum and OASIS PKI Member Section, in response to an intensifying yet broadening interest amongst businesses and vendors in the tpics of "identity" and "trust". In this we are probably paralleling the "Identity 2.0" movement.

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A number of mechanisms apart from PKI may be used to authenticate people and entities online.

Smartcards are not strictly speaking a derivative of PKI (many would argue that smartcards pre-date PKI), but we cover them here under derivatives for two reasons. First, PKI has become prevalent as an integrated part of most modern smartcards, including banking cards, national ID, employee ID, and health & welfare. And second, the attractive features of on-chip key generation and integrated digital signing services make smartcards an increasingly important key medium in PKI.

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